Bean Variety: Bean farming is an important part of the Kenyan economy, and beans are a staple food for many Kenyans. Beans are a good source of protein and fiber, and they are also a relatively inexpensive food.
Beans are grown in almost all regions of Kenya, but the major bean-growing areas are the Central, Rift Valley, Western, and Nyanza provinces.
Bean farming is a relatively low-input crop, and it can be grown on a variety of soils. However, beans do best on well-drained soils with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. Beans are also susceptible to a number of pests and diseases, so it is important to use good agricultural practices to protect the crop.
The average yield of beans in Kenya is about 1.0 tonnes per hectare. However, yields can be much higher with good management practices. The main challenges facing bean farmers in Kenya are low soil fertility, drought, and pests and diseases.
Despite these challenges, bean farming is an important part of the Kenyan economy, and it is a source of food and income for many Kenyans. Bean farming is also a sustainable crop, and it can help to improve soil fertility and reduce erosion.
Here are some of the benefits of bean farming in Kenya:
- Beans are a good source of protein and fiber, which are essential nutrients for human health.
- Beans are a relatively inexpensive food, which makes them accessible to low-income households.
- Bean farming is a low-input crop, which means that it does not require a lot of fertilizers or pesticides.
- Bean farming can help to improve soil fertility and reduce erosion.
- Bean farming can provide a source of income for rural households.
Conditions For Bean Farming In Kenya
- Climate and growing conditions: Beans are a cool-season crop that can be grown in a variety of climates. However, they do best in areas with warm days and cool nights. Beans require well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5.
- Soil preparation: Before planting, the soil should be well-prepared by tilling to a depth of 6 to 8 inches. The soil should be free of weeds and debris.
- Planting: Beans can be planted directly in the ground or started indoors. If planting directly in the ground, the seeds should be planted 1 to 1.5 inches deep and spaced 2 to 3 inches apart. If starting indoors, the seeds should be planted 4 to 6 weeks before the last frost.
- Fertilizer: Beans do not require a lot of fertilizer. However, a light application of compost or manure can be beneficial.
- Irrigation: Beans need about 1 inch of water per week. If the weather is dry, irrigation may be necessary.
- Pests and diseases: Beans are susceptible to a number of pests and diseases, including aphids, bean beetles, bean flies, bean rust, and powdery mildew. It is important to inspect the crop regularly for pests and diseases and to take appropriate action if they are found.
- Harvesting: Beans are ready to harvest when the pods are dry and the beans are fully developed. The pods can be picked by hand or with a combine harvester.
- Storage: Beans can be stored in a cool, dry place for up to 6 months.
Bean farming is a relatively easy crop to grow and can be a profitable enterprise for small-scale farmers. With proper planning and management, bean farmers can produce a good yield of beans that can be used for food or sold for profit.
The 10 Common Bean Varieties In Kenya
1. Rose Coco Bean Variety
Rose Coco is a high-yielding bean variety that is resistant to diseases such as powdery mildew and rust. It is a climbing bean that produces white flowers and red beans. Rose Coco is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
Rose coco beans are a type of dry bean that is grown in Kenya. They are a popular variety of beans because they are high in protein and have a mild flavor. Rose coco beans can be grown in a variety of soil types and climates, but they do best in well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. The beans are planted in the spring and can be harvested in the fall.
The production of Rose coco beans in Kenya is a relatively simple process. The beans are planted in rows that are 76 to 91 centimeters apart. The seeds are planted 2.5 to 5 centimeters deep and should be spaced 5 to 7.5 centimeters apart. The beans need to be watered regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting. They also need to be fertilized with a balanced fertilizer.
The cost of producing Rose coco beans in Kenya varies depending on the size of the farm and the cost of inputs.
The total cost of production can be reduced by using less expensive inputs or by increasing the size of the farm. However, it is important to note that the cost of production will also increase if the yield is low.
The average yield for Rose coco beans in Kenya is 1,000 kilograms per hectare. This means that a 0.4 hectare farm can produce 1,000 kilograms of beans, which is worth approximately 2,000,000 Ksh. The profit from a 0.4 hectare farm can be increased by selling the beans at a higher price or by increasing the yield.
Rosecoco beans are a popular and profitable crop in Kenya. They are a relatively easy crop to grow and can be produced on a small or large scale. The cost of production is relatively low and the profit potential is high. If you are looking for a profitable crop to grow in Kenya, Rosecoco beans are a good option.
Here are some additional tips for growing Rosecoco beans in Kenya:
- Choose a well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5.
- Plant the seeds in the spring when the soil temperature is at least 16 degrees Celsius.
- Space the seeds 5 to 7.5 centimeters apart.
- Water the beans regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting.
- Fertilize the beans with a balanced fertilizer.
- Harvest the beans when they are dry and the pods are brown.
2. Mwitemania Bean Variety
Mwitemania is a drought-tolerant bean variety that is popular in Kenya. It is a bush bean that produces white flowers and white beans. Mwitemania is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
Mwitemania is a high-yielding bean variety that is grown in Kenya. It is a cream-colored bean with black specks and has a spreading growth habit. Mwitemania is tolerant to drought and heat and can be grown in a variety of soil types. It matures in about 75 days and yields about 8-10 bags per acre. Mwitemania is a popular bean variety in Kenya and is used to make a variety of dishes, including githeri, ugali, and sukuma wiki.
Tips for growing Mwitemania beans in Kenya:
- Choose a well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5.
- Plant the seeds in the spring when the soil temperature is at least 16 degrees Celsius.
- Space the seeds 5 to 7.5 centimeters apart.
- Water the beans regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting.
- Fertilize the beans with a balanced fertilizer.
- Harvest the beans when they are dry and the pods are brown.
Here are some additional tips:
- Mwitemania beans are susceptible to pests and diseases, so it is important to inspect the plants regularly and take preventive measures.
- The beans can be grown in a variety of soil types, but they do best in well-drained soil.
- The beans need full sun to grow well.
- The beans need regular watering, especially during the first few weeks after planting.
- The beans can be fertilized with a balanced fertilizer, such as 10-10-10.
- The beans are ready to harvest when the pods are dry and brown.
3. Wairimu Bean Variety
Wairimu is a high-yielding bean variety that is resistant to diseases such as powdery mildew and rust. It is a climbing bean that produces white flowers and white beans. Wairimu is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
They are a popular crop because they are relatively easy to grow and can be grown in a variety of climates. Wairimu beans are also a good source of protein and other nutrients.
Here are some tips for growing Wairimu beans in Kenya:
- Choose a well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter.
- Prepare the soil by tilling it to a depth of about 6 inches.
- Add compost or manure to the soil to improve fertility.
- Plant the seeds at a depth of about 1 inch and 2 inches apart.
- Water the seeds regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting.
- Fertilize the plants every 2-3 weeks with a balanced fertilizer.
- Weed the plants regularly to prevent competition for nutrients and water.
- Harvest the beans when they are fully mature.
Here are some additional tips for growing Wairimu beans:
- Wairimu beans can be intercropped with other crops, such as maize or sorghum. This can help to improve yields and reduce the risk of pests and diseases.
- Wairimu beans are susceptible to a number of pests and diseases, such as the bean fly and the bean pod borer. It is important to inspect the plants regularly for signs of pests and diseases and to take appropriate action if necessary.
- Wairimu beans can be stored for up to 6 months in a cool, dry place.
4. Mwezi Moja Bean Variety
Mwezi Moja is a fast-maturing bean variety that matures in about 90 days. It is a bush bean that produces white flowers and white beans. Mwezi Moja is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
They are a popular crop because they are relatively easy to grow and can be grown in a variety of climates. Mwezi Moja beans are also a good source of protein and other nutrients.
Production per acre
The production of Mwezi Moja beans per acre can vary depending on a number of factors, including the variety of bean, the climate, the soil, and the amount of care that is taken in growing the beans. However, in general, Mwezi Moja beans can produce between 10 and 15 bags per acre.
Growing tips
Here are some tips for growing Mwezi Moja beans in Kenya:
- Choose a well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter.
- Prepare the soil by tilling it to a depth of about 6 inches.
- Add compost or manure to the soil to improve fertility.
- Plant the seeds at a depth of about 1 inch and 2 inches apart.
- Water the seeds regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting.
- Fertilize the plants every 2-3 weeks with a balanced fertilizer.
- Weed the plants regularly to prevent competition for nutrients and water.
- Harvest the beans when they are fully mature.
Here are some additional tips for growing Mwezi Moja beans:
- Mwezi Moja beans can be intercropped with other crops, such as maize or sorghum. This can help to improve yields and reduce the risk of pests and diseases.
- Mwezi Moja beans are susceptible to a number of pests and diseases, such as the bean fly and the bean pod borer. It is important to inspect the plants regularly for signs of pests and diseases and to take appropriate action if necessary.
- Mwezi Moja beans can be stored for up to 6 months in a cool, dry place.
Here are some additional information about Mwezi Moja beans:
- Mwezi Moja beans are a type of climbing bean. This means that they will need to be supported by a trellis or other structure.
- Mwezi Moja beans are a good source of protein and other nutrients. They are also a good source of fiber.
- Mwezi Moja beans can be used in a variety of dishes. They can be boiled, fried, or roasted. They can also be used in soups and stews.
- Mwezi Moja beans are a popular crop in Kenya. They are grown in a variety of regions, including the Rift Valley, the Central Highlands, and the Coast Province.
- Mwezi Moja beans are a relatively easy crop to grow. They are tolerant of a variety of soils and climates. They are also relatively resistant to pests and diseases.
- Mwezi Moja beans are a profitable crop for farmers in Kenya. They can be sold fresh or processed into a variety of products, such as flour, beans, and bean sprouts.
5. Canadian Wonder Bean Variety
Canadian Wonder is a high-yielding bean variety that is resistant to diseases such as powdery mildew and rust. It is a bush bean that produces white flowers and white beans. Canadian Wonder is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
Canadian Wonder beans are a type of bean that is grown in Kenya. They are a popular crop because they are relatively easy to grow and can be grown in a variety of climates. Canadian Wonder beans are also a good source of protein and other nutrients.
Production per acre
The production of Canadian Wonder beans per acre can vary depending on a number of factors, including the variety of bean, the climate, the soil, and the amount of care that is taken in growing the beans. However, in general, Canadian Wonder beans can produce between 10 and 15 bags per acre.
Growing tips
Here are some tips for growing Canadian Wonder beans in Kenya:
- Choose a well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter.
- Prepare the soil by tilling it to a depth of about 6 inches.
- Add compost or manure to the soil to improve fertility.
- Plant the seeds at a depth of about 1 inch and 2 inches apart.
- Water the seeds regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting.
- Fertilize the plants every 2-3 weeks with a balanced fertilizer.
- Weed the plants regularly to prevent competition for nutrients and water.
- Harvest the beans when they are fully mature.
Here are some additional tips for growing Canadian Wonder beans:
- Canadian Wonder beans can be intercropped with other crops, such as maize or sorghum. This can help to improve yields and reduce the risk of pests and diseases.
- Canadian Wonder beans are susceptible to a number of pests and diseases, such as the bean fly and the bean pod borer. It is important to inspect the plants regularly for signs of pests and diseases and to take appropriate action if necessary.
- Canadian Wonder beans can be stored for up to 6 months in a cool, dry place.
Here are some additional information about Canadian Wonder beans:
- Canadian Wonder beans are a type of climbing bean. This means that they will need to be supported by a trellis or other structure.
- Canadian Wonder beans are a good source of protein and other nutrients. They are also a good source of fiber.
- Canadian Wonder beans can be used in a variety of dishes. They can be boiled, fried, or roasted. They can also be used in soups and stews.
- Canadian Wonder beans are a popular crop in Kenya. They are grown in a variety of regions, including the Rift Valley, the Central Highlands, and the Coast Province.
- Canadian Wonder beans are a relatively easy crop to grow. They are tolerant of a variety of soils and climates. They are also relatively resistant to pests and diseases.
- Canadian Wonder beans are a profitable crop for farmers in Kenya. They can be sold fresh or processed into a variety of products, such as flour, beans, and bean sprouts.
6. KK 15 Bean Variety
KK 15 is a drought-tolerant bean variety that is popular in Kenya. It is a bush bean that produces white flowers and white beans. KK 15 is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
KK 15 beans are a variety of beans that were developed by the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO). They are a high-yielding variety that is resistant to a number of pests and diseases. KK 15 beans are also a good source of protein and other nutrients.
Production per acre
The production of KK 15 beans per acre can vary depending on a number of factors, including the climate, the soil, and the amount of care that is taken in growing the beans. However, in general, KK 15 beans can produce between 15 and 20 bags per acre.
Growing tips
Here are some tips for growing KK 15 beans in Kenya:
- Choose a well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter.
- Prepare the soil by tilling it to a depth of about 6 inches.
- Add compost or manure to the soil to improve fertility.
- Plant the seeds at a depth of about 1 inch and 2 inches apart.
- Water the seeds regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting.
- Fertilize the plants every 2-3 weeks with a balanced fertilizer.
- Weed the plants regularly to prevent competition for nutrients and water.
- Harvest the beans when they are fully mature.
Here are some additional tips for growing KK 15 beans:
- KK 15 beans can be intercropped with other crops, such as maize or sorghum. This can help to improve yields and reduce the risk of pests and diseases.
- KK 15 beans are susceptible to a number of pests and diseases, such as the bean fly and the bean pod borer. It is important to inspect the plants regularly for signs of pests and diseases and to take appropriate action if necessary.
- KK 15 beans can be stored for up to 6 months in a cool, dry place.
Here are some additional information about KK 15 beans:
- KK 15 beans are a type of climbing bean. This means that they will need to be supported by a trellis or other structure.
- KK 15 beans are a good source of protein and other nutrients. They are also a good source of fiber.
- KK 15 beans can be used in a variety of dishes. They can be boiled, fried, or roasted. They can also be used in soups and stews.
- KK 15 beans are a popular crop in Kenya. They are grown in a variety of regions, including the Rift Valley, the Central Highlands, and the Coast Province.
- KK 15 beans are a relatively easy crop to grow. They are tolerant of a variety of soils and climates. They are also relatively resistant to pests and diseases.
- KK 15 beans are a profitable crop for farmers in Kenya. They can be sold fresh or processed into a variety of products, such as flour, beans, and bean sprouts.
7. Tasha Bean Variety
Tasha is a high-yielding bean variety that is resistant to diseases such as powdery mildew and rust. It is a climbing bean that produces white flowers and red beans. Tasha is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
8. GLPX92 Bean Variety
GLPX92 is a drought-tolerant bean variety that is popular in Kenya. It is a bush bean that produces white flowers and white beans. GLPX92 is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
GLPX92 is a high-yielding bean variety that was developed by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). It is a drought-tolerant variety that is well-suited for growing in Kenya. GLPX92 can produce up to 2,000 kilograms of beans per hectare (2.47 acres).
Here are some tips for growing GLPX92 beans in Kenya:
- Choose a well-drained, fertile soil.
- Prepare the soil by plowing and harrowing.
- Sow the seeds at a depth of 2-3 centimeters (0.8-1.2 inches) and 10-15 centimeters (4-6 inches) apart.
- Water the seeds regularly.
- Apply fertilizer when the plants are 2-3 weeks old.
- Weed the area regularly.
- Harvest the beans when they are dry and mature.
GLPX92 is a versatile bean variety that can be used in a variety of dishes. It can be cooked, mashed, or used in soups and stews. GLPX92 is a good source of protein and fiber, and it is a nutrient-rich food that can be enjoyed by people of all ages.
Here are some additional information about GLPX92 bean variety:
- It is a high-yielding variety that can produce up to 2,000 kilograms of beans per hectare (2.47 acres).
- It is a drought-tolerant variety that is well-suited for growing in Kenya.
- It is a versatile bean variety that can be used in a variety of dishes.
- It is a good source of protein and fiber.
9. Chelalang Bean Variety
Chelalang is a high-yielding bean variety that is resistant to diseases such as powdery mildew and rust. It is a climbing bean that produces white flowers and white beans. Chelalang is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
Chelalang beans are a high-yielding variety of beans that are well-suited for growing in Kenya. They are drought-tolerant and can be grown in a variety of soils. Chelalang beans can produce up to 600 kilograms of beans per hectare (2.47 acres).
Here are some tips for growing Chelalang beans in Kenya:
- Choose a well-drained, fertile soil.
- Prepare the soil by plowing and harrowing.
- Sow the seeds at a depth of 2-3 centimeters (0.8-1.2 inches) and 10-15 centimeters (4-6 inches) apart.
- Water the seeds regularly.
- Apply fertilizer when the plants are 2-3 weeks old.
- Weed the area regularly.
- Harvest the beans when they are dry and mature.
Here are some additional information about Chelalang beans:
- They are a high-yielding variety that can produce up to 600 kilograms of beans per hectare (2.47 acres).
- They are drought-tolerant and can be grown in a variety of soils.
- They are a versatile bean variety that can be used in a variety of dishes.
- They are a good source of protein and fiber.
If you are looking for a high-yielding, drought-tolerant bean variety that is well-suited for growing in Kenya, then Chelalang beans are a good option.
Here are some additional tips for growing Chelalang beans in Kenya:
- Choose a planting site that receives full sunlight.
- The soil should be well-drained and have a pH of 6.0 to 6.5.
- Prepare the soil by tilling it to a depth of 12 inches.
- Add compost or manure to the soil to improve fertility.
- Sow the seeds 1/2 inch deep and 2 inches apart.
- Water the seeds regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting.
- Fertilize the plants every 2 weeks with a balanced fertilizer.
- Weed the area regularly to prevent competition from weeds.
- Harvest the beans when they are dry and mature.
10. Ciankui Bean Variety
Ciankui is a drought-tolerant bean variety that is popular in Kenya. It is a bush bean that produces white flowers and white beans. Ciankui is a good source of protein and fiber, and it can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
Ciankui beans are a high-yielding variety of beans that are well-suited for growing in Kenya. They are drought-tolerant and can be grown in a variety of soils. Ciankui beans can produce up to 1,000 kilograms of beans per hectare (2.47 acres).
Here are some tips for growing Ciankui beans in Kenya:
- Choose a well-drained, fertile soil.
- Prepare the soil by plowing and harrowing.
- Sow the seeds at a depth of 2-3 centimeters (0.8-1.2 inches) and 10-15 centimeters (4-6 inches) apart.
- Water the seeds regularly.
- Apply fertilizer when the plants are 2-3 weeks old.
- Weed the area regularly.
- Harvest the beans when they are dry and mature.
Ciankui beans are a versatile bean variety that can be used in a variety of dishes. They can be cooked, mashed, or used in soups and stews. Ciankui beans are a good source of protein and fiber, and they are a nutrient-rich food that can be enjoyed by people of all ages.
Here are some additional information about Ciankui beans:
- They are a high-yielding variety that can produce up to 1,000 kilograms of beans per hectare (2.47 acres).
- They are drought-tolerant and can be grown in a variety of soils.
- They are a versatile bean variety that can be used in a variety of dishes.
- They are a good source of protein and fiber.
If you are looking for a high-yielding, drought-tolerant bean variety that is well-suited for growing in Kenya, then Ciankui beans are a good option.
Here are some additional tips for growing Ciankui beans in Kenya:
- Choose a planting site that receives full sunlight.
- The soil should be well-drained and have a pH of 6.0 to 6.5.
- Prepare the soil by tilling it to a depth of 12 inches.
- Add compost or manure to the soil to improve fertility.
- Sow the seeds 1/2 inch deep and 2 inches apart.
- Water the seeds regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting.
- Fertilize the plants every 2 weeks with a balanced fertilizer.
- Weed the area regularly to prevent competition from weeds.
- Harvest the beans when they are dry and mature.
Here are some additional information about Ciankui beans:
- They are a type of legume.
- They are a good source of protein and fiber.
- They are a versatile food that can be used in a variety of dishes.
- They are a drought-tolerant crop that can be grown in a variety of soils.
- They are a high-yielding crop that can produce up to 1,000 kilograms of beans per hectare (2.47 acres).
If you are looking for a high-yielding, drought-tolerant, and nutritious crop to grow in Kenya, then Ciankui beans are a good option.
These are just a few of the many common bean varieties that are grown in Kenya. Bean farming is an important part of the Kenyan economy, and beans are a staple food for many Kenyans. Beans are a good source of protein and fiber, and they are also a relatively inexpensive food.
FAQs On Bean Farming In Kenya
- What are the best beans to grow in Kenya?
The best beans to grow in Kenya are those that are drought-tolerant and can be grown in a variety of soils. Some of the most popular bean varieties in Kenya include:
- Chelalang beans
- Ciankui beans
- GLPX92 beans
- Njau beans
- Red kidney beans
- White kidney beans
- When is the best time to plant beans in Kenya?
The best time to plant beans in Kenya is during the rainy season, which typically runs from March to May. However, beans can also be grown during the dry season if they are irrigated.
- How do I prepare the soil for planting beans in Kenya?
The soil should be well-drained and have a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. The soil should be tilled to a depth of 12 inches and then amended with compost or manure to improve fertility.
- How deep should I plant bean seeds in Kenya?
Bean seeds should be planted 1/2 inch deep in the soil.
- How far apart should I plant bean seeds in Kenya?
Bean seeds should be planted 2 inches apart.
- How much water do beans need in Kenya?
Beans need about 1 inch of water per week. However, they may need more water during the hot, dry season.
- When should I fertilize beans in Kenya?
Beans should be fertilized every 2 weeks with a balanced fertilizer.
- How do I control weeds in bean fields in Kenya?
Weeds can be controlled by hand-weeding or by using a weed killer.
- How do I know when beans are ready to harvest in Kenya?
Beans are ready to harvest when the pods are dry and the beans are hard.
- How do I harvest beans in Kenya?
Beans can be harvested by hand or by using a combine harvester.
- How do I store beans in Kenya?
Beans should be stored in a cool, dry place. They can be stored in bags, boxes, or bins.
- What are some of the pests and diseases that can affect beans in Kenya?
Some of the pests and diseases that can affect beans in Kenya include:
- Bean flies
- Bean beetles
- Bean rust
- Bean mosaic virus
- How can I control pests and diseases in bean fields in Kenya?
Pests and diseases can be controlled by using pesticides, fungicides, or by practicing good agricultural practices.
- What are some of the benefits of growing beans in Kenya?
Beans are a good source of protein and fiber. They are also a drought-tolerant crop that can be grown in a variety of soils.
- What are some of the challenges of growing beans in Kenya?
Some of the challenges of growing beans in Kenya include:
- Pests and diseases
- Poor soil quality
- Lack of water
- What are some of the government policies that support bean farming in Kenya?
The government of Kenya supports bean farming through a number of policies, including:
- Subsidies on fertilizer
- Provision of extension services
- Access to credit
- What are some of the non-government organizations that support bean farming in Kenya?
There are a number of non-government organizations that support bean farming in Kenya, including:
- CARE Kenya
- World Vision Kenya
- Catholic Relief Services
- What are some of the research institutions that support bean farming in Kenya?
There are a number of research institutions that support bean farming in Kenya, including:
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
- What are some of the challenges that bean farmers in Kenya face?
Some of the challenges that bean farmers in Kenya face include:
- Low prices
- Poor access to markets
- Lack of access to credit
- What are some of the opportunities that bean farmers in Kenya have?
Some of the opportunities that bean farmers in Kenya have include:
- Growing demand for beans
- Access to new technologies
- Support from government and NGOs