Cotton Farming In Kenya; A Comprehensive Farming Guide

Cotton farming in Kenya has a vast history that stretches back several decades. Despite facing various challenges over the years, the industry continues to hold immense promise for the country’s economy and rural communities. The cultivation of cotton not only contributes to the nation’s textile sector but also plays a vital role in providing livelihoods for many farmers. As Kenya seeks to bolster its agricultural diversity and enhance self-sufficiency, the revitalization of the cotton farming sector emerges as a strategic opportunity that holds the potential to yield both economic and social benefits.

Kenya cotton is one of the essential crops for the country’s once vibrant textile industry. The nation has a production potential of 260,000 tons but on average it produces around 38000 metric tons. Smallholder farmers account for 85 percent of cotton farming activities in the nation. They produce enough for both fiber and cottonseed oil processing.

Cotton Farming In Kenya

Cotton growing was introduced in Kenya in 1902 with the assistance of a private company known as the British Cotton Growing Association. In the early 1980s, the textile industry was the leading manufacturing activity in Kenya as it employed over 200,000 farming households and about 30 per cent of the labour force. The industry also contributed significantly to income generation in rural areas by providing a market for cotton.

Kenya has a great potential for cotton farming for both rain fed and irrigated production spread out in Rift valley, Nyanza, Central, Coast, Eastern and Western Kenya regions.

Under the Government’s Big 4 agenda, cotton and textiles have been identified among the key drivers towards expansion of the manufacturing sector. The government plans to support the textiles industry through increased cotton production, improving policy in the import rules for textile products to cushion local producers and providing incentives to investors to build modern ginneries and textile manufacturing plants.

One of the flagship projects envisaged in the Vision 2030 is the development of the arid and semi-arid regions that will include cotton as one of the priority enterprises as it is one of the few cash crops that thrive in such fragile environments where few economic activities exist. African Growth
Opportunity Act (AGOA) also offers a ready duty free market in the United States which needs to be exploited through increased production.

Cotton is a cash crop suitable for marginal areas which comprise large parts of Kenya and it is grown in 24 Counties of Kenya. It is grown for its fibre and its byproducts are used for making oil, animal feeds, among others. Cotton farming also promotes environmental conservation. Cotton has the potential to benefit 11 million people in the drier areas of the country.

According to research conducted by the International Trade Center (ITC), Kenya produces about 30% of Africa’s total cotton production and ranks fourth behind Mali, Burkina Faso and Benin respectively. The Kenyan government has recognized this importance and has put measures in place such as subsidies to encourage farmers to grow more cotton while advocating against imports from neighboring countries whose quality was not up-to-par with international standards.

Kenya’s textile industry relies heavily on locally-produced cotton as a raw material for fabric production which boosts local entrepreneurship as well as creating job opportunities through backward integration which includes spinning mills that process raw materials into yarns thus creating job opportunities along various stages including ginning factories where seeds are separated from fibres.

Cotton Growing Regions In Kenya

Cotton farming in Kenya is primarily concentrated in specific regions that offer suitable agroclimatic conditions for its cultivation. These regions have historically been the best for cotton farming in the Kenya. Here are some of the key cotton growing regions in Kenya:

1. Eastern Region: The Eastern region of Kenya, particularly parts of Kitui, Makueni, and Meru counties, has been a significant cotton growing area. The region’s warm climate and relatively low rainfall make it suitable for cotton cultivation. However, water availability and irrigation infrastructure are crucial considerations in this semi-arid region.
2. Coastal Region: Coastal counties such as Kwale, Kilifi, and Taita Taveta have also been involved in cotton cultivation. The coastal climate with its moderate temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons creates an environment conducive for cotton farming. Additionally, the proximity to ports and transportation hubs can facilitate the movement of cotton products to processing centers.
3. Nyanza Region: Some parts of Nyanza, especially Homa Bay and Kisumu counties, have been known to cultivate cotton. The region’s favorable rainfall patterns and relatively cooler climate compared to other parts of the country provide an opportunity for cotton growth.
4. Rift Valley Region: The Rift Valley region, particularly Baringo, Kericho, and Nandi counties, has shown potential for cotton farming due to its diverse climate and altitudinal variations. The highlands of these counties provide cooler temperatures that can be suitable for certain cotton varieties.
5. Western Region: Western Kenya, including counties like Kakamega and Vihiga, has seen limited cotton cultivation. The region’s higher rainfall levels may pose challenges for cotton production, but there have been efforts to explore suitable varieties and practices for this area.

It’s important to note that cotton production in Kenya has faced various challenges over the years, including declining prices, pest infestations, and a lack of modernization. However, efforts have been made by the government, non-governmental organizations, and private sector stakeholders to revitalize the industry by introducing improved varieties, promoting sustainable practices, and providing support to farmers.

Cotton Varieties In Kenya

Here are some of the cotton varieties that have been grown in Kenya:

1. HART 89M: This is one of the most popular cotton varieties in Kenya. It is known for its high yield potential and adaptability to various agroclimatic conditions. HART 89M is resistant to key cotton pests, such as the African bollworm, which is a major challenge for cotton farmers.
2. Fibers: The Fibers variety is known for producing high-quality cotton lint with good spinning properties. It is favored by textile manufacturers due to the quality of its fibers. This variety is cultivated in various cotton-growing regions of Kenya.
3. HART 92M: Similar to HART 89M, this variety is recognized for its high yield potential and resistance to pests. It has been developed to address some of the challenges faced by cotton farmers, including pest infestations and variable climatic conditions.
4. HART 89: HART 89 is an earlier version of the popular HART 89M. It has traits such as pest resistance and adaptability. While it might have some differences compared to the newer version, it remains an option for farmers seeking specific characteristics.
5. HOK 6S: This variety is known for its suitability to the coastal region’s agroclimatic conditions. It has a high tolerance for heat and relatively lower water availability. HOK 6S is resistant to diseases and pests commonly found in the coastal areas.
6. Tumaini: Tumaini is a cotton variety that has been developed through biotechnology. It is engineered to have resistance against the African bollworm, a major cotton pest. This genetically modified variety is designed to reduce the need for chemical pesticides and thus lower production costs.

About Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) cotton in Kenya

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) cotton, specifically Bt cotton, has been a topic of interest and discussion in Kenya’s agricultural landscape. Bt cotton refers to cotton plants that have been genetically engineered to express a protein derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This protein is toxic to certain insect pests, particularly the bollworm, which is a major pest of cotton.

The introduction of GMO cotton, particularly Bt cotton, in Kenya reflects the ongoing global debate about the benefits and risks associated with genetically modified crops. While Bt cotton has the potential to offer solutions to some of the challenges faced by cotton farmers, it’s important to approach its adoption with careful consideration of potential ecological, economic, and social impacts. Regulatory oversight and continued research are crucial to ensure that GMO cotton technologies are used responsibly and sustainably.

Ecological Requirements On Cotton Farming In Kenya

Cotton farming in Kenya requires specific ecological conditions to ensure successful cultivation, healthy plant growth, and optimal yield. These conditions include factors related to soil type, climate, and altitude. Here’s an overview of the ecological requirements for cotton farming in Kenya:

Soil Requirements On Cotton Farming In Kenya

Cotton plants have specific soil requirements for healthy growth and fiber production. The ideal soil characteristics for cotton farming in Kenya include:

1. Well-Drained Soil: Cotton plants thrive in well-drained soils that prevent waterlogging. Poorly drained soils can lead to root diseases and negatively impact plant growth.
2. Sandy Loam Soil: Sandy loam soils with good water-holding capacity and good drainage are preferred for cotton cultivation. These soils allow for adequate root development and nutrient uptake.
3. pH Level: The soil pH should ideally be between 6.0 and 7.0 for optimal nutrient availability to the plants. Soil pH outside of this range can affect nutrient uptake and plant health.
4. Organic Matter: Soils with a reasonable amount of organic matter contribute to soil fertility, moisture retention, and overall soil structure.

Climate Requirements On Cotton Farming In Kenya

Cotton is sensitive to climatic conditions, and specific climate requirements are essential for successful cotton cultivation in Kenya:

1. Warm Temperatures: Cotton is a warm-season crop, and it requires temperatures between 22°C and 30°C (72°F to 86°F) for optimal growth. Frost can be detrimental to cotton plants, so frost-free periods are important.
2. Rainfall: Cotton requires a moderate amount of rainfall during its growing season. The ideal range is typically between 600 mm to 1000 mm annually. However, cotton can also be grown under irrigated conditions.
3. Dry Spells: While cotton needs adequate moisture during its growing period, prolonged periods of rainfall or high humidity can lead to increased pest and disease pressure. Dry spells are needed to manage these challenges.

Altitude Considerations on Cotton Farming In Kenya

Cotton can be grown at different altitudes in Kenya, but the altitudinal range might influence the choice of cotton varieties and cultivation practices:

1. Lowland Areas: Lower altitude regions, such as those below 1,500 meters above sea level, provide suitable conditions for cotton cultivation due to the warm temperatures and longer frost-free periods.
2. Highland Areas: Some highland areas at higher altitudes can also support cotton cultivation, especially if the climate is conducive to warm-season crops and frost is not a concern.

Land Preparation On Cotton Farming In Kenya

Good agricultural practices will help the cotton crop grow well and in- crease yields. Early land preparation, dry planting and correct spacing is recommended.

The land should be prepared early and to a depth of at least 30 cm. To maintain soil organic matter, liberally apply or incorporate plant residues and animal manure during land preparation. Planting should be early, as soon as rainfall is adequate for the germination and growth of the crop. Cotton grown by smallholders is commonly planted with a delay, because the food crops are given priority.

Land should be prepared using machinery or manual implements to attain medium tilth. Some of the machinery and equipment recommended for land preparation include tractor mounted ploughs, rippers, sub-soilers, ox-plough and hoes (jembes).

• Land should be ready for sowing a month before the expected time of rains begin or planting.
• Deep tillage is encouraged to a depth of 1 – 1½ feet, that is 30cm – 40cm, at least once in every four years to reduce soil compaction and formation of hardpan. Where possible, use conservation farming.
• In conservation farming herbicides recommended by Pest Control Products Board (PCPB) should be used.
• The seedbed should be of medium soil texture (tilth). This is a moderately compact and firm seedbed which is not cloddy or loose.
• Ploughing followed by harrowing will give adequate tilth.
• Furrows should be cut to drain excess water especially in black cot- ton soils.
• In areas with scarce rainfall, tied ridging is recommended for soil moisture conservation.
• Soil amendment should be implemented where necessary to bring the site to its optimum production levels.

Ridges are an advantage as they can be tied to conserve water under dry conditions and aid drainage under wet conditions. Thinning is done when the plants are 6-10 cm high, and two plants per hill are usually left.

The optimum spacing depends on the size and fruitfulness of the plant permitted by local conditions. It also depends on the interactions between variety, soil and climate.

Sowing and Spacing Cotton

Here’s a guide to sowing and spacing practices for cotton farming:

Sowing:

1. Seed Preparation: Before sowing, it’s advisable to treat cotton seeds to control seed-borne diseases and improve germination rates. Seed treatment may involve fungicides and insecticides.
2. Seedbed Preparation: Prepare a well-drained and weed-free seedbed. Till the soil to a fine texture, removing any debris, rocks, or clumps that could interfere with seed germination.
3. Sowing Time: Cotton is a warm-season crop, so sowing should occur when the soil temperature is suitable for germination and growth. Sow the seeds after the last expected frost date.
4. Planting Depth: Plant cotton seeds at a depth of around 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 to 1.5 inches). Planting too shallow or too deep can affect seedling emergence.
5. Row Spacing: Depending on the variety and regional conditions, row spacing can vary. Common row spacing ranges from 75 to 100 cm (30 to 40 inches) between rows.

Spacing:

1. Within-Row Spacing: Within the rows, cotton plants should be spaced at an appropriate distance. The recommended spacing between plants is usually around 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches).
2. Thin Plants: After germination and emergence, it’s important to thin the plants if they are too close together. Thinning ensures that each plant has sufficient space to grow and access sunlight.
3. Uniform Spacing: Aim for uniform spacing between plants within a row. This allows for better air circulation and prevents overcrowding, which can lead to disease development.
4. Plant Density: Plant density can vary based on factors like soil fertility, variety, and intended yield. In general, a plant density of around 16,000 to 24,000 plants per acre is common.

Best Time To Plant Cotton

Timely planting is essential to achieving high yields in cotton especially under normal rainfall conditions. A delay in planting after the optimal date results in a significant drop in yields. In addition time of planting differs according to the rainfall patterns in different cotton growing zones in Kenya; optimal dates in mid- March for most of western Kenya, April in the coast province and mid-October for the central and eastern regions.

Planting Cotton

The time of planting for cotton depends on the region. Below are the recommended times of planting. Cotton crop takes 5-9 months to grow and be ready for harvesting depending on seeds
type and the production location.

Cotton is either planted on flat soil, ridges or in furrows. Furrow drilling is employed mainly as a protection against quicksand. Ridges are used in soils, which are difficult to drain, and in regions with little rainfall, as this eases irrigation and facilitate the seeping in of the water into the soil. Its disadvantages are more difficult sowing and tilling of weeds. The cotton is sown in the lower third of a ridge in high-content soils and the upper third for low content soils. The seeds should be watered as soon as possible after sowing.

During the first 3 weeks, the shoots can offer little resistance against weeds, but this improves until the thick crop growth has no more problems in the area. For this reason, a suitable position in the crop rotation, suitable soil cultivation method and preparation of the seed beds should be taken care of to prevent an excessive growth of weeds during the early growth phases. On irrigated soils, irrigation is carried out prior to sowing in order that the weed seeds germinate and grow. The resulting growth of weeds can then be easily removed by appropriately cultivating the soil, before the cotton is sowed. The final soil treatment before planting should include the spreading of compost.

Husbandry

Cotton seedlings are sensitive to competition from weeds. Weeds should be controlled early to prevent damage to the crop. Control weeds against the first flush of weeds before sowing and plant the seeds closely. Weed early and frequently. Place manure some 6 weeks after sowing. These measures help to reduce hand weeding to some 15 person-days (work of one person done per day) per ha. It also helps to reduce attack by pests harboured by weeds.

Irrigation

Intervals between irrigation should be 2-3 weeks on deep permeable sandy loams to heavy clays and less for very light, very heavy and shallow soils. The irrigation period should be 19 weeks. Excessive irrigation besides being a waste of water increases risk of disease incidence. Most irrigation is by gravity using furrows. Water saving is possible by alternate furrow irrigation or by hand watering with a hose pipe. The latter is only applicable in small plots.

Crop rotation and inter cropping

Cotton should not be grown for more than 3 years on the same field. It is important that cotton is grown in rotation with other crops. This helps to improve and maintain soil fertility. Crop rotation and mixed cropping help prevent build-up of pest population, diseases and weeds. Cotton grows well in rotation with cereals, tobacco and legumes. Particularly good yields can be achieved when cotton is grown after pulses (soybean, chickpea, pigeon pea, groundnut etc.), horticultural crops like chillies or vegetables, and after sugarcane and wheat.

Mixed crops with plants that act as a repellent

Mixed or strip cultivation with onions, garlic, chillies, chrysanthemums or hot peppers have proved their worth because of their repellent effect against, among others, bugs, white fly and cotton leafworm (Alabama argillacea). Rotted liquid manure can also act as a repellent (and be simultaneously used as a fertiliser).

Harvesting

In Kenya generally, cotton is hand picked. This creates work for farmers’ families or village labourers, usually women. It also produces clean seed cotton that can be ginned easily and cheaply in low-cost ginneries. One picker can harvest 25-40 kg of seed cotton per day depending on the availability of open bolls. Picking is very laborious. It should be done every 3-4 weeks, so that open cotton is not left in the field for too long which may result in a change of the colour and reduced the quality of the lint. It is then sorted into clean and stained cotton before marketing. Harvesting begins about 4 months after sowing, lasts for 2 months and 2-3 pickings are usually done.

Cotton Yield Per Acre

The average conventional cotton yield per acre in Kenya is 572 – 800 kilograms, while BT cotton yields stand at 1,500 – 7000 kilograms per acre. However, the yield can vary significantly depending on a number of factors, including the variety of cotton grown, the level of mechanization used, and the prevailing weather conditions.

Efforts have been made to improve cotton yields in Kenya through the adoption of better farming practices, the use of improved varieties, and the implementation of pest and disease management strategies. For instance, the introduction of genetically modified Bt cotton varieties that are resistant to certain pests like the African bollworm aims to enhance yields and reduce the need for pesticide application.

Cost Of Cotton Production and profitability Per Acre In Kenya

Expected expenses:

• Seed: KES 10,000
• Fertilizer: KES 30,000
• Pesticides: KES 20,000
• Labor: KES 40,000
• Irrigation (if required): KES 20,000
• Other expenses: KES 10,000

Total expenses:

KES 10,000 + KES 30,000 + KES 20,000 + KES 40,000 + KES 20,000 = KES 120,000

Expected revenue:

• Selling price per kilogram: KES 60
• Expected yield per acre: 572 – 800Kgs

Expected revenue = Selling price per kilogram * Expected yield per acre

• If the yield is 572 kilograms per acre, the expected revenue is KES 34,320.
• If the yield is 800 kilograms per acre, the expected revenue is KES 48,000.

Profitability:

• Profit = Revenue – Expenses
• If the yield is 572 kilograms per acre, the profit is KES 22,320.
• If the yield is 800 kilograms per acre, the profit is KES 28,000.

As you can see, the profitability of conventional cotton production in Kenya depends on the yield achieved. With an expected yield of 572 kilograms per acre, the profit is KES 22,320. This means that the farmer can recover the cost of production and make a profit of KES 22,320. However, if the yield is 800 kilograms per acre, the profit is KES 28,000. This means that the farmer can recover the cost of production and make a profit of KES 28,000.

Cost of BT cotton Production and Expected Profits Per Acre

Expected expenses:

• Seed: KES 10,000
• Fertilizer: KES 30,000
• Pesticides: KES 5,000 (due to the pest-resistant nature of BT cotton)
• Labor: KES 40,000
• Irrigation (if required): KES 20,000
• Other expenses: KES 10,000

Total expenses:

KES 10,000 + KES 30,000 + KES 5,000 + KES 40,000 + KES 20,000 = KES 125,000

Expected revenue:

• Selling price per kilogram: KES 60
• Expected yield per acre: 1,500 – 7,000Kgs

Expected revenue = Selling price per kilogram * Expected yield per acre

• If the yield is 1,500 kilograms per acre, the expected revenue is KES 90,000.
• If the yield is 7,000 kilograms per acre, the expected revenue is KES 420,000.

Profitability:

• Profit = Revenue – Expenses
• If the yield is 1,500 kilograms per acre, the profit is KES 65,000.
• If the yield is 7,000 kilograms per acre, the profit is KES 295,000.

As you can see, the profitability of BT cotton production is significantly higher than conventional cotton production. This is because BT cotton is more resistant to pests and diseases, which reduces the need for pesticides and other inputs. As a result, the cost of production is lower and the farmer can earn a higher profit.

Please note that the above calculations are simplified and for illustrative purposes only. They do not account for fluctuations in prices, variations in yields, unforeseen costs, and other factors that can influence the actual profitability of cotton farming. Actual profitability can vary widely based on specific circumstances. It’s recommended to use current local prices and consult experts like KALRO for a more accurate assessment of potential costs and profitability.

Pests and Diseases Affecting Cotton Farming In Kenya

Here are some of the key pests and diseases affecting cotton farming in Kenya:

Pests that affect cotton farming in Kenya:

1. African Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): This is one of the most destructive pests in cotton farming. The bollworm attacks various parts of the plant, including squares, bolls, and leaves. It can cause significant yield losses through direct feeding damage and by promoting secondary infections.
2. Whiteflies: These small insects feed on the undersides of leaves and can transmit viral diseases, weakening the plant and reducing its overall vigor.
3. Aphids: Aphids are sucking insects that can cause damage by feeding on plant sap. They also excrete honeydew, which can lead to the growth of sooty mold and affect photosynthesis.
4. Thrips: Thrips feed on leaves and flowers, causing damage and reducing the quality of cotton fibers. They can also transmit certain viruses.
5. Leafhoppers: Leafhoppers can transmit phytoplasmas and cause plant deformation, which can affect yield and quality.
6. Cotton Stainers: These insects feed on cotton bolls, causing staining of the lint. Stained lint can result in reduced market value.

Diseases that affect cotton farming in Kenya:

1. Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum): This fungal disease affects the vascular system of the plant, causing wilting and reduced water uptake. It can lead to significant yield losses.
2. Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium dahliae): Similar to Fusarium wilt, this disease affects the vascular system, leading to wilting and reduced yield.
3. Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV): This viral disease is transmitted by whiteflies and causes curling and distortion of leaves, reducing photosynthesis and overall plant health.
4. Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum): Bacterial blight can cause angular leaf spots, leading to defoliation and reduced fiber quality.

Management Strategies:

To manage these pests and diseases effectively, cotton farmers in Kenya employ a combination of strategies:

1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): This approach combines various control methods, such as cultural practices, biological control, and judicious use of pesticides, to manage pests while minimizing environmental impact.
2. Resistant Varieties: Planting resistant or tolerant cotton varieties can help mitigate the impact of certain pests and diseases.
3. Proper Sanitation: Removing and destroying infected plant debris can reduce the carryover of pests and diseases to subsequent seasons.
4. Early Detection: Regular scouting and monitoring of cotton fields can help detect pests and diseases early, allowing for timely intervention.
5. Chemical Control: In cases of severe infestations or disease outbreaks, judicious use of pesticides can be employed. However, careful attention should be paid to proper application, safety, and minimizing pesticide resistance.
6. Crop Rotation: Rotating cotton with non-host crops can help break pest and disease cycles and reduce their build-up in the soil.

FAQs on cotton farming in Kenya

1. Is cotton farming profitable in Kenya? Cotton farming can be profitable in Kenya, but profitability depends on factors such as yield, market prices, input costs, and management practices. Successful cotton farming involves careful planning, effective pest and disease management, and efficient use of resources.
2. How much is a kilo of cotton in Kenya? The price of cotton in Kenya can vary based on market conditions, quality of the cotton, and demand. Prices can range from around 50 Kshs to 70 Kshs per kilogram of lint cotton or more.
3. Where is cotton grown in Kenya? Cotton is grown in various regions of Kenya, including parts of Eastern, Coast, Nyanza, Rift Valley, and Western regions. Each region has specific ecological conditions that influence cotton cultivation.
4. How much cotton is produced per acre in Kenya? Cotton yield per acre in Kenya can vary widely based on factors such as variety, management practices, and ecological conditions. The average conventional cotton yield per acre in Kenya is 572 – 800 kilograms, while BT cotton yields stand at 1,500 – 7000 kilograms per acre.
5. What are the disadvantages of cotton farming? Disadvantages of cotton farming can include vulnerability to pests and diseases, high input costs, weather-related risks, market price fluctuations, and environmental concerns related to pesticide use and water usage.
6. How many days does it take to farm cotton? The time it takes to farm cotton can vary depending on the variety, planting time, and local climate. Typically, cotton plants take around 150 to 180 days from planting to maturity.
7. How much is in a bale of cotton? A bale of cotton typically contains around 480 pounds (about 218 kilograms) of lint cotton.
8. How long does cotton take to mature in Kenya? In Kenya, the time it takes for cotton to mature can range from about 150 to 180 days, depending on the variety and local conditions.
9. What is the demand for cotton in Kenya? The demand for cotton in Kenya depends on factors such as the textile and garment industry’s needs, export markets, and consumer preferences for cotton products.
10. What are the problems faced by the cotton industry? The cotton industry faces challenges such as low market prices, pest and disease pressures, labor issues, sustainability concerns, and competition from synthetic fibers.
11. What are the advantages of cotton farming? Advantages of cotton farming include potential profitability, employment generation, contribution to the textile industry, and the potential for sustainable practices in cotton cultivation.
12. What kind of soil does cotton like? Cotton prefers well-drained sandy loam soils with good water-holding capacity and proper drainage. Soil pH around 6.0 to 7.0 is considered ideal.
13. Is cotton hard to farm? Cotton farming can be demanding due to its susceptibility to pests and diseases, the need for careful irrigation and nutrient management, and the complexity of managing the entire production process.

What are the main challenges facing cotton farmers in Kenya?

The main challenges facing cotton farmers in Kenya include:

• Low yields: The average yield of cotton in Kenya is 572 kilograms per acre (200 pounds per acre). This is much lower than the yields achieved in other countries, such as India and China.
• High cost of production: The cost of production of cotton in Kenya is high, due to the high cost of inputs such as seed, fertilizer, and pesticides.
• Lack of access to credit: Many cotton farmers in Kenya do not have access to credit, which makes it difficult for them to finance their crop production.
• Poor market prices: The market prices for cotton in Kenya are often low, which makes it difficult for farmers to make a profit.
• Inadequate extension services: Cotton farmers in Kenya often lack access to adequate extension services, which can help them improve their farming practices.

What are the government’s initiatives to support cotton farmers in Kenya?

The government of Kenya has a number of initiatives to support cotton farmers, including:

• The Cotton Development Authority (CDA): The CDA is a government agency that provides support to cotton farmers in Kenya. The CDA provides farmers with access to inputs such as seed, fertilizer, and pesticides, as well as extension services.
• The National Cotton Ginneries Corporation (NCG): The NCG is a government-owned company that ginns cotton and markets it to buyers. The NCG provides farmers with a guaranteed market for their cotton.
• The Cotton Lending Scheme: The Cotton Lending Scheme is a government-backed loan scheme that provides farmers with access to credit to finance their crop production.
• The Cotton Price Stabilization Fund: The Cotton Price Stabilization Fund is a government fund that is used to stabilize the price of cotton. This helps to protect farmers from the volatility of the cotton market.

What are the opportunities for cotton farmers in Kenya?

Despite the challenges, there are also some opportunities for cotton farmers in Kenya. These include:

• The growing demand for cotton: The demand for cotton is growing, both domestically and internationally. This provides an opportunity for Kenyan cotton farmers to increase their production and exports.
• The development of new cotton varieties: New cotton varieties are being developed that are resistant to pests and diseases and that can produce higher yields. This can help farmers to reduce their costs and improve their profits.
• The growth of the textile industry: The textile industry in Kenya is growing, which provides an opportunity for cotton farmers to sell their cotton to local textile manufacturers.
• The development of new markets: The government of Kenya is working to develop new markets for Kenyan cotton, such as the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) market. This can help farmers to increase their export earnings.

How can cotton farmers in Kenya improve their profitability?

There are a number of things that cotton farmers in Kenya can do to improve their profitability, including:

• • Use improved cotton varieties: Improved cotton varieties can produce higher yields and be more resistant to pests and diseases.
  • Use good agricultural practices: Good agricultural practices, such as proper irrigation and pest management, can help to reduce costs and improve yields.
  • Mechanize as much of the production process as possible: Mechanization can help to reduce labor costs and improve efficiency.
  • Market their cotton to high-value buyers: Farmers can get a better price for their cotton if they market it to high-value buyers.