Strawberry Farming In Kenya; Complete Farming Guide

Strawberry farming is a multi-billion dollar business around the world. The small fruit is a high value crop for export and local market, though the export market has not been exploited in Kenya due to limited supplies. The estimated total strawberry production in Kenya is 1487 tons while the demand is over 15,000 tons (Horticulture Validated Report, 2014). It is worth noting that 90 percent of strawberry (fresh and pulp) is imported into Kenya (Horticulture Crop Development Authority).

Gradually strawberry has emerged as a sought after fruit in the Kenyan market prompting many farmers to venture into the business and establish strawberry farms with the hopes of earning from it. Furthermore farmers are leaning towards replacing the traditional maize and wheat type of farming with more profitable and climate resilient ways that combines both sustainability and profitability. The effect of climate change on rain fed agriculture is making this traditional farming system increasingly untenable.

Site Selection:

Selecting the right site is crucial for successful strawberry farming. Look for well-drained, loamy or sandy soil with a pH level between 5.5 and 6.8. The chosen site should receive ample sunlight, preferably six to eight hours a day. Areas with good air circulation help prevent diseases, so avoid planting in low-lying or waterlogged areas.

• Soil Type: Strawberries thrive in well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter. Look for loamy or sandy soil with good water-holding capacity. Avoid heavy clay soils that retain excessive moisture, as they can lead to root rot and other diseases. Conduct a soil test to determine the soil’s pH level, which should ideally range between 5.5 and 6.8 for strawberries.
• Sunlight: Strawberries require ample sunlight to grow and produce quality fruits. Choose a site that receives at least six to eight hours of direct sunlight daily. Avoid locations with excessive shading from trees, buildings, or other structures, as it can hinder the growth and productivity of the plants.
• Topography: Opt for a site with a gentle slope or slightly elevated ground to ensure proper drainage. Avoid areas prone to waterlogging or places where water tends to accumulate, as excess moisture can lead to root diseases and plant stress. If possible, avoid sites with a history of flooding.
• Water Availability: Access to a reliable water source is essential for successful strawberry farming. Ensure that the chosen site has adequate water availability for irrigation purposes. Consider setting up an efficient irrigation system to provide regular and controlled moisture to the plants.

Suitable Growing Regions

Variety Selection:

Choosing the appropriate strawberry variety is essential to maximize yields and profitability. Popular varieties for Kenyan conditions include Chandler, Sweet Charlie, Selva, and Tioga. Consider factors such as flavor, disease resistance, yield potential, and market demand when selecting a variety.

Here is a table on common strawberry varieties grown in Kenya, their characteristics, production per acre and maturity period.

Note: The production per acre mentioned above is an approximate range and can vary based on various factors such as cultivation practices, soil fertility, climatic conditions, and management techniques. The maturity period indicates the time taken from planting to the first harvest of ripe strawberries.

Preparation and Planting:

Prepare the land by clearing weeds, rocks, and debris. Incorporate organic matter into the soil to improve its fertility and structure. Raised beds are recommended for strawberry cultivation, as they promote better drainage and easier access to plants. Prior to planting, ensure that the soil is adequately moist.

Propagation and Planting:

Strawberries can be propagated through bare-root plants or runners. If using bare-root plants, soak the roots in water for an hour before planting. Space the plants 12 to 18 inches apart, with rows approximately three feet apart. Plant the crown at soil level, ensuring that the roots are spread out and well-covered.

1. Propagation Methods: There are two primary methods of propagating strawberries: through bare-root plants and through runners.

   a. Bare-root Plants:

   • Purchase certified disease-free bare-root plants from a reputable nursery or propagate your own.
   • Soak the roots of the bare-root plants in water for about an hour before planting. This helps rehydrate them.

   b. Runners:

   • Identify healthy mother plants with vigorous runners.
   • Allow the runners to grow until they develop roots at the nodes.
   • Once the roots are well-established, sever the runner from the mother plant and transplant it.
2. Site Preparation:
   • Clear the chosen site of weeds, rocks, and debris.
   • Incorporate organic matter, such as well-rotted compost or aged manure, into the soil to improve its fertility and structure.
3. Raised Beds:
   • Construct raised beds to improve drainage and provide easier access to the plants.
   • Ensure that the beds are of appropriate dimensions, with a width of about 2-3 feet and a height of 6-8 inches.
4. Soil Moistening:
   • Before planting, ensure that the soil is adequately moist. If it is too dry, water the site thoroughly a day or two prior to planting.
5. Planting:
   • Space the strawberry plants 12 to 18 inches apart, with rows approximately 3 feet apart.
   • Dig holes wide and deep enough to accommodate the roots of the plants comfortably.
   • Gently place the plants into the holes, ensuring that the crown (where the leaves emerge) is level with the soil surface.
   • Spread out the roots in the hole and cover them with soil, ensuring good soil-to-root contact.
6. Watering:
   • After planting, water the newly planted strawberries thoroughly. This helps settle the soil and ensures good root establishment.
   • Maintain regular watering to keep the soil evenly moist, but avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot.
7. Mulching:
   • Apply a layer of organic mulch, such as straw or wood chips, around the plants. This helps suppress weeds, conserve moisture, and protect the fruits from direct contact with the soil.
8. Fertilization:
   • Conduct a soil test to determine the nutrient requirements of your strawberry plants.
   • Apply a balanced fertilizer based on the soil test results or use a recommended strawberry fertilizer.
   • Follow the manufacturer’s instructions regarding the application rate and timing.
9. Weed Control:
   • Regularly inspect the strawberry beds and remove any weeds by hand, taking care not to damage the plants’ shallow root systems.
   • Mulching helps suppress weed growth, but occasional hand weeding may still be necessary.

Following these steps will help ensure a successful transition from propagation to planting, setting the foundation for healthy strawberry plants and optimal yields. Remember to adapt the instructions to your specific local conditions and consult local experts for additional guidance.

Irrigation and Fertilization:

Strawberries require consistent moisture throughout their growing season. Drip irrigation systems are highly recommended as they provide water directly to the plants’ root zones, reducing water wastage and minimizing the risk of foliar diseases. Implement a regular watering schedule and ensure that the soil remains evenly moist, avoiding both overwatering and underwatering. Conduct soil tests and provide balanced fertilization based on the specific nutrient requirements of strawberries.

Here are some key points to consider:

1. Water Requirements:
   • Strawberries require consistent moisture throughout their growing season, especially during fruit development.
   • The soil should be kept evenly moist but not waterlogged. Overwatering can lead to root rot and other diseases.
   • Monitor the soil moisture regularly and adjust your irrigation schedule accordingly.
2. Irrigation Methods:
   • Drip irrigation is highly recommended for strawberry farming. It delivers water directly to the plants’ root zones, minimizing water wastage and reducing the risk of foliar diseases.
   • Install drip lines or tapes along the rows, placing emitters near the plants.
   • Drip irrigation allows for controlled and precise watering, ensuring that the plants receive the required amount of water without excessive runoff.
3. Irrigation Schedule:
   • Develop a regular watering schedule for your strawberry plants. The frequency and duration of irrigation depend on various factors such as soil type, weather conditions, and plant growth stage.
   • Generally, strawberries benefit from frequent, light irrigation to maintain optimal moisture levels.
   • Aim for a soil moisture level of about 80% of field capacity during the active growing period.
4. Water Management:
   • Monitor the weather conditions, especially during rainy seasons, and adjust your irrigation accordingly.
   • Avoid watering during periods of high humidity or rainfall, as excessive moisture can promote disease development.
   • Consider using moisture sensors or soil moisture meters to gauge the moisture levels in the soil and make informed irrigation decisions.

Fertilization:

Appropriate fertilization ensures that strawberry plants receive the necessary nutrients for healthy growth and optimum fruit production. Consider the following points:

1. Soil Testing:
   • Conduct a soil test before planting to determine the nutrient levels and pH of the soil.
   • Soil testing helps identify any nutrient deficiencies or imbalances and allows for targeted fertilization.
2. Balanced Fertilization:
   • Use a balanced fertilizer formulation that provides essential macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) as well as micronutrients.
   • The nutrient requirements may vary depending on the soil test results and specific strawberry variety.
3. Timing and Application Rates:
   • Apply fertilizers according to the recommendations provided by the soil test results or based on local agricultural extension advice.
   • Split the fertilizer applications throughout the growing season to ensure a steady supply of nutrients.
   • Start fertilizing before planting or at the time of planting to establish a good nutrient base. Subsequent applications can be made during active growth and fruiting stages.
4. Organic Matter:
   • Incorporate organic matter into the soil, such as compost or well-rotted manure, before planting.
   • Organic matter enhances soil fertility, improves soil structure, and provides a slow-release source of nutrients to the plants.
5. Fertilizer Placement:
   • Apply the fertilizer around the strawberry plants, avoiding direct contact with the foliage or crowns.
   • Gently work the fertilizer into the soil surface and water it in thoroughly after application.

Remember, it’s important to monitor the plants’ nutrient requirements and adjust fertilization practices accordingly. Regular observation, soil testing, and consultation with local agricultural experts can help optimize the fertilization strategy for your specific farming conditions and strawberry variety.

Weed, Pest, and Disease Management:

Weeds compete with strawberries for nutrients, water, and sunlight. Implement effective weed control measures such as mulching, hand weeding, or herbicide application. Monitor the crop regularly for pests like aphids, slugs, and spider mites. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, including biological controls and selective pesticide use, can help manage pests effectively. Disease management is crucial, with common threats including powdery mildew, gray mold, and crown rot. Maintain good hygiene, provide adequate ventilation, and use disease-resistant varieties to minimize the risk of infections.

Here’s more information on each aspect:

Weed Management:

Weeds can compete with strawberry plants for nutrients, water, and light. Here are some strategies for effective weed management:

1. Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch, such as straw or wood chips, around the plants. This helps suppress weed growth by blocking sunlight and inhibiting weed germination.
2. Hand Weeding: Regularly inspect the strawberry beds and manually remove any weeds. Take care not to disturb the shallow root systems of the plants while weeding.
3. Pre-Emergent Herbicides: Consider using pre-emergent herbicides that specifically target weed seeds before they germinate. Follow label instructions carefully and apply these herbicides before planting or before the strawberry plants emerge.
4. Cultivation: Light cultivation between rows can help disrupt weed growth and loosen the soil. However, be cautious not to damage the shallow roots of the strawberry plants.

Pest Management:

1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Adopt an IPM approach, which involves a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical control methods to minimize pest damage.
2. Monitoring: Regularly inspect the plants for signs of pest infestation. Early detection allows for prompt intervention and better pest control.
3. Cultural Controls: Implement cultural practices that discourage pests, such as removing and destroying infested plant debris, maintaining good sanitation, and rotating crops.
4. Biological Controls: Utilize natural predators and beneficial insects, such as ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps, to control pest populations. Introduce these beneficial organisms into the strawberry beds if necessary.
5. Selective Pesticides: If pest populations reach damaging levels, consider using selective pesticides targeted specifically for the identified pests. Follow label instructions, adhere to recommended dosage rates, and be mindful of any pre-harvest intervals.

Disease Management:

1. Cultivar Selection: Choose disease-resistant strawberry varieties suited to your specific region and climate. Resistant varieties can help minimize the impact of certain diseases.
2. Sanitation: Maintain good hygiene practices by removing and disposing of diseased plant material promptly. This reduces the source of inoculum for disease development.
3. Proper Spacing: Provide adequate spacing between plants to allow for good air circulation. This reduces humidity levels and minimizes the risk of foliar diseases.
4. Fungicide Applications: If necessary, apply fungicides following label instructions and appropriate timings to control diseases. Fungicides may be used preventively or curatively, depending on the specific disease and its stage of development.
5. Irrigation Management: Avoid overhead watering, as wet foliage promotes disease development. Instead, use drip irrigation to deliver water directly to the roots without wetting the leaves.

It’s important to regularly monitor your strawberry plants, be vigilant for any signs of weed growth, pest infestation, or disease symptoms, and take appropriate action promptly. Experienced strawberry farmers can provide valuable guidance and insights on specific pest and disease management practices relevant to your region.

Harvesting and Marketing:

Strawberries typically require 60 to 90 days from planting to harvesting, depending on the variety. Harvest the fruits when fully ripe, as they do not continue ripening after picking. Handle strawberries with care to avoid bruising. For marketing, explore local markets, supermarkets, hotels, and direct sales to consumers. Consider value-adding options such as jams, jellies, and frozen products to extend the market reach and increase profitability.

Harvesting:

1. Fruit Ripeness: Harvest strawberries when they are fully ripe. Look for fruits that have reached their optimal color and size, are firm to the touch, and have a glossy appearance. The fruit should easily detach from the plant without excessive force.
2. Harvesting Techniques: To minimize damage to the delicate fruits, use the following techniques:
   • Hold the stem just above the fruit and gently pull with a twisting motion.
   • Alternatively, use small scissors or shears to cut the stem about 1/4 inch above the fruit.
3. Frequency of Harvest: Strawberry plants typically produce fruit over an extended period, known as the harvest season. Harvest the ripe fruits every two to three days during the peak season. Regular harvesting helps promote continuous fruit production.
4. Handling: Handle strawberries with care to avoid bruising or damaging the fruits. Place them gently in shallow containers or baskets to prevent crushing and maintain their shape.

Marketing:

1. Sorting and Grading: After harvesting, sort the strawberries based on size, shape, and quality. Grade the fruits based on uniformity, color, and blemish-free appearance. This process ensures consistency and helps attract buyers.
2. Packaging: Package the strawberries in clean and attractive containers to enhance their visual appeal. Consider using clamshell containers, punnets, or clear plastic boxes that provide good visibility while protecting the fruit. Label the packages with the variety name and your farm’s branding, if applicable.
3. Cooling and Storage: Strawberries have a short shelf life and are highly perishable. Immediately after harvesting, cool the fruits to maintain their freshness and quality. Store them in a cool room or refrigerated area at temperatures between 32-36°F (0-2°C). Proper storage conditions help prolong the shelf life and preserve the flavor and texture of the strawberries.
4. Marketing Channels: Explore various marketing channels to sell your strawberries, including:
   • Local markets: Sell directly to consumers at farmers’ markets, roadside stands, or community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs.
   • Wholesale: Establish partnerships with local grocery stores, restaurants, or distributors who can purchase your strawberries in bulk.
   • Online platforms: Utilize online marketplaces, social media platforms, or your farm’s website to promote and sell your strawberries directly to customers.
5. Branding and Promotion: Develop a unique brand identity for your strawberries. Highlight their freshness, quality, and any unique selling points. Engage in promotional activities such as tastings, online advertising, and partnerships with local businesses to increase awareness and demand for your strawberries.
6. Customer Service: Provide excellent customer service by ensuring timely deliveries, maintaining product quality, and addressing any customer concerns promptly. Building strong relationships with buyers can lead to repeat business and positive word-of-mouth recommendations.