Lucerne Farming In Kenya; A Complete Farming Guide

Lucerne (Medicago sativa) also known as alfafa is leguminous fodder crop with high yield under optimum growing conditions. Mainly grown for hay making but made into silage during  unfavourable conditions for hay making. Lucerne could be fed as wilted fodder under close supervision. Lucerne is not grazed directly due to risk of death through bloat. Most Lucerne is grown under irrigation and rain fed in smallholder farms in Kenya.

Lucerne Farming Practice by farmers

The practice by many farmers whenever they desire to increase the area under pasture is to cultivate more forage rich in carbohydrates such as Napier grass, Rhodes grass, fodder maize, fodder sorghum and the like. It most often happens out of ignorance on the feeding and nutrient  requirements of farm animals.

More quantities of the same type of feed are then presented to animals. The end result is more areas under forage but with insignificant or no increase in the amount of milk produced, so that the farmer is left wondering whether the output was worth the investment.

Lucerne is not the only legume that can be incorporated in the pasture profile. There are many legume species commonly used as pasture or fodder but when compared, lucerne comes out with gleaming attributes. It has very high protein content (15 – 25%), highly digestible (60 – 75%) and has high levels of energy (ME 8 – 11MJ/kg DM). It comprises about 50% of all protein supplements in livestock feeds. It can be pelleted and stored in bags.

Lucerne Varieties In Kenya

1. Aurola:
   • Variety: Aurola
   • Characteristics: Well-adapted to cooler conditions, high forage quality, and good regrowth potential.
   • Ecological Region: Aurola is well-suited for higher altitude areas with cooler temperatures, such as parts of the Aberdare Range and Mount Kenya region.
2. Kakamega:
   • Variety: Kakamega
   • Characteristics: Known for its adaptability to various conditions, including moderately high rainfall areas.
   • Ecological Region: Suitable for regions like Kakamega County, which receive moderate to high rainfall and have well-drained soils.
3. Naivasha:
   • Variety: Naivasha
   • Characteristics: Tolerant to a range of environmental conditions, providing consistent yield and forage quality.
   • Ecological Region: Suitable for regions like Naivasha and surrounding areas, where there is moderate rainfall and fertile soils.
4. Thika:
   • Variety: Thika
   • Characteristics: Adapted to diverse conditions, including areas with slightly warmer temperatures.
   • Ecological Region: Suitable for regions like Thika and parts of Central Kenya, which have moderate rainfall and well-drained soils.
5. Pioneer 5401:
   • Characteristics: High-yielding variety, suitable for grazing and hay production. Tolerant to various environmental conditions.
   • Ecological Region: Adaptable to various regions in Kenya, but especially suitable for higher altitude areas with well-drained soils.
6. Viking 527:
   • Characteristics: Fast-growing, persistent variety. Known for its drought tolerance and resistance to pests.
   • Ecological Region: Well-suited for arid and semi-arid regions of Kenya, such as parts of Eastern and Northern Kenya.
7. WL 323HQ:
   • Characteristics: High-quality forage with good regrowth potential. Performs well under intensive management.
   • Ecological Region: Suitable for areas with reliable water sources and proper soil management. Coastal regions with moderate rainfall may be suitable.
8. Arid 3:
   • Characteristics: Specifically bred for arid conditions, with excellent drought tolerance.
   • Ecological Region: Best suited for extremely arid and water-scarce regions, such as parts of Northern Kenya.
9. Siriver 101:
   • Characteristics: Well-adapted to diverse conditions, providing good forage quality and yield.
   • Ecological Region: Suitable for various regions across Kenya, particularly those with medium to high rainfall.
10. Cuf 101:
    • Characteristics: Persistent, high-yielding variety with good disease resistance.
    • Ecological Region: Suitable for areas with adequate rainfall and well-drained soils, including some parts of the Rift Valley.
11. Gaita:
    • Characteristics: A high-yield variety that is well-suited for both grazing and hay production.
    • Ecological Region: Suitable for areas with good soil fertility and moderate rainfall, such as parts of Central Kenya.

Please note that while these varieties are associated with specific regions, lucerne cultivation success also depends on local soil conditions, water availability, and management practices.

Soil requirement on Lucerne Farming In Kenya

Deep (3.5 meters deep) fertile and free-draining soils with little or no murram or small rocks are ideal for lucerne growth.

Farmers interested in growing alfalfa grass should have their soil tested for acidity before planting.

The soil samples should be taken from the top (0-10cm) and the subsoil(30-40cm). The soil PH should be neutral up to 5.6. If the sub-soil sample has a PH of less than 5.5, it is considered too acidic and unsuitable for growing lucerne in Kenya.

However, in acidic soils with a pH of less than 4.9, you should apply agricultural lime at 10 tonnes per hectare. Phosphates, inoculants, and liming promote root development, modulation, and nitrogen fixation.

Climatic requirement on Lucerne Farming In Kenya

Alfalfa grass does well in a warm and sunny climate with well-distributed rainfall of more than 1200mm annually. The grass may require supplementary irrigation under prolonged dry spells. Long high humidity leads to increased pests and diseases.

How to grow Lucerne grass for profit in Kenya

Establishment

One impediment that has faced farmers is their lack of knowledge or skills on how to establish the crop. Many farmers simply purchase lucerne seeds from agrovets and sow them directly into improperly prepared seedbeds. Some of those who have attempted to inoculate the seeds have done it wrongly. The outcome has been very poor germination thus discouraging the farmers from establishing the crop.

The correct way to establish lucerne is by first properly inoculating the seeds. Appropriate inoculants are available in agrovets. For a good sticker make a solution of sugar or molasses in molasses to water ratio of 1:4. Thoroughly mix the sticker with lucerne seeds ensuring that all the seeds are covered by a thin layer of the sticker.  Then pour the inoculant on the mixture and mix thoroughly. Do not expose the inoculant to sunshine because it can kill the bacterium. Coat the resulting mixture with lime. This activity should be carried out shortly before sowing.

Use certified seeds to sow on rows 45cm apart on a fine, moist and weed free seedbed at a rate of 3 – 4kg per acre. The soils should be deep and well drained. Avoid any soils that are saline, waterlogged or have damaging herbicides.

To avoid scorching of the seeds with fertilizer, ensure that the seeds do not have direct contact with fertilizer by mixing it with soil before sowing. Sow the seeds shallowly at a depth of 5 to 15mm and cover with light soils because they may not emerge if sown deeper than 20mm and covered with deep soil.

Lucerne need sufficient moisture to germinate therefore sow the seeds at the beginning of the rainy season or when you are sure that enough rains will follow soon. Irrigate the seedbed if the soils are dry and continue this until all the seeds have germinated and strong enough to withstand low moisture levels. Ensure that there are no weeds affecting the crop.

Seedbed preparation

Alfafa requires a fair, firm, and weed-free seedbed prepared before the onset of the rains. You should well break the subsoil with a forked jembe.

Ten tonnes of thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure should be applied and mixed well with the subsoil.

Planting

Make furrows 30-40cm apart and 2.5cm deep. Use 10-15kgs of lucerne seeds per hectare. In places where lucerne hasn’t been grown, use lucerne inoculant from agrochemical companies in Kenya.

However, in areas where inoculant is not readily available, collect soils from lucerne-grown regions and mix them with the seeds before planting.

Apply Phosphatic fertilizer during planting at 40kg P2O5 per hectare. There is no need to apply any nitrogenous fertilizer during the required period nor to maintain
Lucerne during growth.

It would help if you did hand weeding 4-6 weeks after planting; subsequently, the weed reappears.

You can also use plant extracts or organic pesticides 2-3 times to control pests. Continue applying farmyard manure to the lucerne field to improve soil fertility structure and herbage yields.

Lucerne Expected Yield Per Acre In Kenya

The yield of lucerne can vary significantly based on several factors, including soil quality, climate, management practices, and irrigation. In Kenya, lucerne is grown in various regions, especially in areas with favorable conditions for its growth. The expected yield per acre can vary, but on average, under proper management and favorable conditions, you can expect a lucerne yield of around 8 to 12 tons of dry matter per acre per year.

Cost of lucerne production per acre and expected profits

Note: These are just estimates and the actual cost of lucerne production and expected profits may vary depending on a number of factors, such as the variety of lucerne grown, the location of the farm, and the prevailing market prices.

• • Seed cost: 20 kilograms per acre * 2500 shillings per kilogram = 50,000 shillings
  • Fertilizer cost: 200 kilograms per acre * 50 shillings per kilogram = 10,000 shillings
  • Labor cost: 100 hours per acre * 500 shillings per hour = 50,000 shillings

  Total cost of lucerne production per acre:

  50,000 shillings + 10,000 shillings + 50,000 shillings = 110,000 shillings

  Expected profits per acre

  • Yield per acre: 12000 kilograms per acre
  • Selling price per kilogram: 25 shillings per kilogram

  Total revenue per acre:

  12000 kilograms per acre * 25 shillings per kilogram = 300,000 shillings

  Expected profits per acre:

  300,000 shillings – 110,000 shillings = 190,000 shillings

As you can see, with irrigation excluded, cost of equipment leasing for ploughing and bailing and other labour factors, the expected profits are much higher. This means that it is possible to make a significant profit from growing lucerne in Kenya, even at the current market prices. However, it is important to factor in all of the costs involved before making a decision to grow lucerne.

Here are some additional factors to consider when making a decision to grow lucerne in Kenya:

• The cost of land: The cost of land varies depending on the location of the farm. In general, land in the highlands of Kenya is more expensive than land in the lowlands.
• The availability of water: Lucerne requires a lot of water, so it is important to make sure that there is a reliable source of water available for irrigation.
• The labor force: Lucerne requires a lot of labor, so it is important to make sure that there is a reliable labor force available.
• The market prices: The market prices for lucerne can fluctuate depending on the supply and demand. It is important to do some research to make sure that the market prices are favorable before making a decision to grow lucerne.

Harvesting

Depending on rainfall and climatic conditions, the first cut should be made when the crop is around 40mm tall, has several stems and appears bushy. Cut when about 10% of the crop is flowering because if done earlier it can reduce the lifespan of the stand. Thereafter the crop can be harvested every 4 -5 weeks under irrigation or 3 months under rainfall.

This can go on for 5 years when the crop should be replaced. Cut the crop at the base 50mm above the ground and allow 2 to 3 days in the field for the leaves to wilt before raking and baling. The wilted crop is ready for baling if the skin around the stem can be easily removed. Do not let the leaves to overdry because of the risk of severe losses.

Start baling very early in the morning when dew helps in reducing losses. Collect and remove the hay from the field as soon as possible and store in a barn protected from rainfall and sunshine.

Under good management yields are more than 8 tons per acre, it can be as high as 15 tons. Given that on average a cow is fed about 15kg per day on top of the grasses to satisfy its nutritional requirements, an acre is enough to feed 2 cows for one year. This is an immense saving given the high costs of commercial feeds.

Mowing Lucerne

The harvesting phase begins with mowing (which is just a fancy word for cutting). You can mow by hand – with a scythe, machete or sickle, or with a mower.

Drying Lucerne

This step is also known as curing. Drying forage will take 2-3 days when the environment is hot and dry. You can widen the swath (the cut forage) to enable faster drying. You will start to notice the forage colour change from green to pale yellow or brown.

Tedding Lucerne

Spread or overturn the partially dried forage to enable even drying. Tedding hastens the drying process by exposing the lower and middle patches to sunlight. You can either spread manually or with a tedder.

Windrowing Lucerne

Windrowing is done when the swath is almost dry. Narrow the swath into windrows to enable baling. You can windrow manually with a rake or use a wheel hay rake.

Baling Lucerne

Baling is the last step of making lucerne. The windrowed hay is picked, compressed and bound with twine. Most hay farmers in Kenya prefer baling the small square bales. They are easier to carry and are ideal for small herds of livestock.

The size of the bales will depend on the baler you use. Most small square bales weigh 18 to 28kgs, while round bales weigh 363 to 681kgs.

Pests and Diseases that Affect Lucerne Farming In Kenya

Pests that affect Lucerne farming in Kenya:

1. Aphids:
   • Aphids can damage plants by sucking sap and transmitting viruses.
   • Control: Natural predators like ladybugs and lacewings can help manage aphid populations. Insecticidal soaps or neem oil can be used for chemical control.
2. Armyworms:
   • Armyworms can devour foliage and affect lucerne stands.
   • Control: Regular monitoring and early detection are key. Natural enemies like parasitoid wasps and birds can help control populations. Insecticides may be necessary for severe infestations.
3. Leafhoppers:
   • Leafhoppers can cause stunted growth and yellowing of leaves.
   • Control: Beneficial insects like parasitoid wasps and predator bugs can help manage leafhopper populations. Insecticides can be used if necessary.

Diseases that affect Lucerne farming in Kenya:

1. Phytophthora Root Rot:
   • This fungal disease can cause wilting and root decay.
   • Management: Plant resistant varieties, improve drainage, avoid overwatering, and practice crop rotation.
2. Anthracnose:
   • Anthracnose can lead to yellowing, wilting, and necrotic lesions on leaves.
   • Management: Practice proper field hygiene, avoid overhead irrigation, and use fungicides if necessary.
3. Bacterial Wilt:
   • Bacterial wilt causes wilting, yellowing, and death of lucerne plants.
   • Management: Plant resistant varieties, manage irrigation to prevent waterlogging, and practice crop rotation.
4. Rust:
   • Rust fungi can cause orange or reddish-brown pustules on leaves.
   • Management: Plant rust-resistant varieties, avoid overhead irrigation, and use fungicides if needed.

Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPM) Strategies:

1. Cultural Practices:
   • Practice good sanitation and field hygiene to reduce disease pressure.
   • Rotate crops to break pest and disease cycles.
   • Optimize irrigation to prevent waterlogged conditions.
2. Resistant Varieties:
   • Choose resistant or tolerant lucerne varieties when available.
3. Biological Control:
   • Encourage beneficial insects like ladybugs and parasitoid wasps that feed on pests.
   • Introduce natural enemies as part of biological control strategies.
4. Chemical Control:
   • Use pesticides only when necessary and follow label instructions.
   • Rotate different classes of pesticides to prevent pest resistance.
5. Monitoring and Early Detection:
   • Regularly inspect lucerne stands for signs of pests and diseases.
   • Implement control measures at the early stages of infestation.

Remember that proper management practices, including soil health, irrigation, and overall farm hygiene, play a crucial role in preventing and mitigating pest and disease issues.

FAQs

1. What is lucerne, and why is it grown in Kenya?

• Lucerne (alfalfa) is a perennial forage crop valued for its high protein content. It’s grown in Kenya for livestock feed due to its nutritional benefits and ability to thrive in diverse climatic conditions.

2. Where is lucerne farming most suitable in Kenya?

• Lucerne can be grown in various regions, but it thrives in well-drained soils at higher altitudes with cooler temperatures, such as parts of the Rift Valley, Mount Kenya region, and Aberdare Range.

3. How do I prepare the soil for lucerne cultivation?

• Soil preparation involves deep plowing and thorough land leveling. Adequate soil drainage is crucial to prevent waterlogging.

4. When is the best time to plant lucerne in Kenya?

• Lucerne can be planted during the rainy season, typically from March to May or September to October.

5. How do I propagate lucerne?

• Lucerne is usually propagated through seeds. Ensure proper seedbed preparation and use high-quality certified seeds.

6. What is the recommended spacing for lucerne plants?

• Plant lucerne seeds at a spacing of about 20-25 cm between plants.

7. How often should I irrigate lucerne?

• Lucerne requires frequent and consistent irrigation, especially during dry periods. Aim for about 2-3 irrigations per week.

8. Can I graze livestock on lucerne fields?

• Yes, lucerne is often used for grazing due to its high forage quality. However, proper management and rotational grazing are essential to prevent overgrazing.

9. What pests and diseases affect lucerne in Kenya?

• Common pests include aphids, armyworms, and leafhoppers, while diseases like Phytophthora root rot, anthracnose, and bacterial wilt can also impact lucerne.

10. How can I control aphids on my lucerne crop? – Natural predators, like ladybugs, and organic insecticides can help manage aphid populations.

11. What are the nutritional benefits of feeding lucerne to livestock? – Lucerne is rich in protein, minerals, and vitamins, making it an excellent source of nutrition for livestock.

12. How do I harvest lucerne for hay? – Harvest lucerne when it’s in the bud-to-early-flower stage for optimal nutrient content. Cut the plants about 10-15 cm above the ground.

13. Can I make silage from lucerne? – Yes, lucerne can be used for silage production, especially in areas with limited access to dry hay.

14. How do I store lucerne hay to maintain its quality? – Store lucerne hay in a well-ventilated, dry area to prevent mold growth. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight.

15. What is the average lifespan of a lucerne stand? – Lucerne can persist for several years under proper management, but productivity may decline after 3-5 years.

16. How can I improve soil fertility for lucerne cultivation? – Use organic matter and appropriate fertilizers based on soil tests to maintain soil fertility.

17. Are there any lucerne varieties resistant to common pests and diseases? – Some lucerne varieties have resistance or tolerance to certain pests and diseases. Consult with local agricultural experts for recommendations.

18. Can I intercrop lucerne with other crops? – Interplanting with crops like maize or beans is possible, but proper management is crucial to prevent competition for resources.

19. How do I manage weeds in a lucerne field? – Use pre-emergent herbicides and regular mowing to control weeds. Avoid using herbicides that may harm lucerne.

20. What are the economic benefits of lucerne farming in Kenya? – Lucerne farming can provide a valuable source of high-quality livestock feed, potentially increasing milk and meat production and contributing to farm income.